A while ago I was introduced to what would become my favorite Blender trick. That was plugging a noise texture into a color ramp. I first saw this technique used for quickly making planet textures, but very quickly realized how versatile it could be.
It was pretty great for planets, but I found myself eventually wanting to try for something a bit more realistic, and experimented with using a separate sphere to make a cloud layer that would cast shadows and have actual depth. It worked well enough, but left a very visible sharp edge around the planet.
I looked around for tutorials on how to make better looking planets procedurally, but all the ones I found started with "first you steal a picture of a planet surface from Google images," and I was like "THAT'S NOT WHAT PROCEDURAL MEANS." Yesterday I happened to be scrolling down ArtStation's latest posts and saw an awesome looking planet someone had posted along with a link to the tutorial they used to make it. I checked it out and it was FINALLY exactly what I had been looking for. Great terrain texture, realistic cloud layers, and even some compositing tricks to really push that realistic sun-on-atmosphere glare!
Tutorial is here: https://youtu.be/2oV48DAvwYg